Dimoan diachronics

Proto Dimoan-Kaysan to proto-Dimoan

 * 1) Dimoan vowel shift

i: → u:

ai →e:

a:u → o:

au → a:

w →u /_C

y → i /_C

2. Labio-velars

kw → kʷ /_

k'w, qw, q'w→ k'ʷ /_

nasal + w → ŋʷ /_

pw →b /_

tw → t' /_

cw →t /_

c'w → d /_

-- Year 500

3. Loss of uvulars

ɴ →ŋ

q, q' → k'

-- Year 600

4. pre-nasalied stops.

Nasal + p, b →ᵐb

Nasal + t →ⁿd

Nasal + k →ᵑɡ

-- Year 700 5. Consonant shift

t, p →d, b →ᵐb, ⁿd

pʰ, tʰ, kʰ →p, t, k

p' →ɓ

ʔ → ʕ

w →∅ / C_

-- Year 900

6. Syncope

V →∅ / _V

Main stress is placed on the first syllable, secondary stress two syllables after.

V →∅[-stress]

RV →VR /_# or _C, when R is one of r,h,m,n,ŋ,l

CV →VC/_# or _C (sporadic)

-- Year 1100

7. Fricatives

s →š / _V

s' →s

ʍ→f /_

-- Year 1200-1300

8. /b/

/b, ᵐb/ →w / C_

-- Year 1400

8. Syllabic consonants

h, r, ʕ →ɚ / C_C, _#

ʕ →∅ /_

ṃ,ṇ,ḍ →ɚm, ɚn, ɚd

ɚ → ur / C+labial_

ɚ → a elsewhere

9. Vowel lowering.

i,u →u,o / [q,h]_

-- Year 1500 ~ 1600

proto-Dimoan to Hieratic
χ →ḫ

c, c' →ð

ᵑɡ →ŋŋ / V_V

ŋ, ᵑɡ → ᵑɡ → g, γ, ŋ

sw →šw

-- Year 1728

w →∅ /_

V: →V

-- Year 1800

Glottals
χ, h →h /χ/

Dental shift
t, c, c' →ŧ

d →ɗ

t' →t

-- Year 1800

Labio-velar shift:
kʷ, qʷ,ŋʷ → ɓ, m

-- Year 1900

Long vowel shift
i: →y: → u:

o: →u:

e: →ø: →o:

a: →e: →i:

a:i, ai →a:i →a:

a:u, au →a:u →o:

Short o
o →ɔ → a /_CC

o →ɔ → a /_C# except before _N#

-- Year 2400

Fricatives and H
f →h

h→r / V_V, _C

h →∅ elsewhere

r →q /#_

rw →r /_

-- Year 2600

r switches to alveolar !

Velar nasal

ŋŋ → nq /_

ŋ →n /_

-- Year 2800,3000

Various empires standardized a conservative dialect, hence a gap of a few centuries !

Vowels laxing
u, i→o, e /_CC or _C# but not before r,m,n,ŋ,l

V:, V →V: [+stress]

a, e, i, o, u →ɐ, ɛ, ɪ, ɔ, ʊ elswhere

High Arqirean, Short vowels: æ, ɛ, ɪ, ɔ, ʊ, velar nasal kept, h kept.

-- Year 3600~3700

proto-Dimoan to Madassaam
kʷ →k/_

qʷ →q/_

ŋʷ→ŋ/_

ɓ, ṭ, q →pˠ, tˠ, kˠ

a →ə/V_

Vowel reduction
V[-long], VV[-long] →ə -stress

a:i →a

a:u →o

ai →əi

e: → ø: →ewə

u: → y: →uwə

V[+long] →V[-long]

Fricatives and H
f →h

h→r / V_V, _C

h →∅ elsewhere

rw →r /_

proto-Dimoan to Central
Western:

kʷ →k/_

qʷ →q/_

ŋʷ→ŋ/_

Eastern:

kʷ →p/_

qʷ → ɓ/_

ŋʷ→m/_

Dental shift
t, c, c' →ŧ

d →ɗ

t' →t

Vowel shift
au →a:

ai →i:

a:i → e:

a:u →o:

Fricatives and H
f →h

h→r / V_V, _C

h →∅ elsewhere

r →q /#_

rw →r /_

a →ə/V_

∅ → r  / V_V

Stress moves with emphatics.
'ɓVCV → ɓV'CV

'ɗVCV → ɗV'CV in disyllables

-- Year 3700

Syncope; loss of nasals
V→∅ / _CV [-stress]

Vm, n→V+nasal / #'CVC(C)_

V+nasal →Vn when unstressed, V when secondarily stressed

Tense and lax vowels
V →V+tense / [+stressed]

V →V+lax / [-stressed]

-- Year 3900

Short vowels:
In open syllables, before r or when nasalized:

ɐ →eə

ɛ →ɛ:

ɔ → ɞː

ʊ →u:

Long vowels
In closed syllables:

o, u →oʊ 'C_CC, 'C_C#

o →oʊ in monosyllables

-- Year 4100

Lateral affricate
ŧ → tl

tr →tl

-- Year 4200

Second Simbri vowel shift
eə → ɪə→jə

ɛ: →ɪɛ: →jɛ

ɞː →ɪɞ: →jo word finally, o: elsewhere.

u: →ju

-- Year 4300

Palatization
k →c / _i, j

q →k'j → k'/_i,j

t, d →ts / _i,j but nts →nd later on.

r →rj →j before i,j

l, n →ly, ny before i,j

-- Year 4500

Long vowels
ow →o:

aa, oa →a:

je →i: when or word-final or word-final befor m, n

j →∅ / _V

ə →a, ɛ →e

d →nd

b →mb

nd, mb →nde, mbe / _# (epenthetic vowel)

nd →l /#_

mb → m

-- Year 4700

Lateral and rhotic

r+ptk → pp, tt, kk

l →r V_V

r →l elsewhere

q →l when followed by q anywhere (dissimilation) under the influence of southern dialects

-- Year 4900

From old Simbri to Modern Simbri
e →i /_s

qi → j/_V, qi →ji

ts, c →č

q →h

nj, lj → n, l #_

-- Year 5200